Polaris Dawn Crew Conducts First All-Civilian Spacewalk

Billionaire Jared Isaacman and SpaceX crew trainer Sarah Gillis opened the forward hatch of their Polaris Dawn spacecraft Thursday morning to take turns floating outside in the first non-government spacewalk in the history of space exploration.

With crewmates Anna Menon and Scott Poteet monitoring safety tethers and umbilicals inside the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule, Isaacman and Gillis floated out into open space after depressurizing the spacecraft using a scaffold-like "Skywalker" assembly extending from the hatch for stability.

Though they were still in the capsule, SpaceX says the spacewalk technically began at 6:12 a.m. EDT with the pressurization of Isaacman's and Gillis' spacesuits.

Isaacman emerged from the capsule for several minutes with his legs still inside before going back in entirely at about 6:59 a.m. EDT.

Willis then took her turn. The hatch was being re-closed at 7:15 a.m. EDT.

While their feet were at the outside of the hatch, they did not "free float" away from the Crew Dragon. Their SpaceX-designed pressure suits are not equipped with their own oxygen supply or other life support equipment and rely on the 12-foot-long umbilicals to deliver air, power and communications.

As Isaacman and then Gillis floated just outside the hatch, they tested the comfort and mobility of their pressurized extra-vehicular activity, or EVA, suits, moving their arms, hands and legs through a series of positions to find out how much effort is required to carry out basic tasks.

"We're going to make use of various mobility aids the SpaceX team has engineered, and it'll look like we're doing a little bit of a dance," Isaacman said before launch. "The idea is to learn as much as we possibly can about this suit and get it back to the engineers to inform future suit design evolutions."

Cameras mounted inside and outside the Crew Dragon, along with others attached to the spacewalkers' suits, provided spectacular views of space and the Earth below as the ship sailed through an elliptical orbit with a low point of 121 miles and a high point of 458 miles — 200 miles higher than the International Space Station.

The goal of the exercise is to eventually perfect low-cost, easy-to-manufacture spacesuits for use by future commercial astronauts flying to the moon or Mars aboard SpaceX Super Heavy-Starship rockets.

"I think that this journey of creating affordable EVA suits that can be scaled up into mass production is a very worthwhile one," said Isaacman, who chartered SpaceX's first fully commercial flight to orbit in 2021. "There's going to be an armada of Starships arriving on Mars at some point in the future, and those people are going to have to be able to get out of it and walk around and and do important things."

Isaacman, Poteet, Menon and Gillis blasted off Tuesday from the Kennedy Space Center atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The crew accomplished the first major goal of the flight right off the bat, climbing to an altitude of 870 miles — higher than any piloted spacecraft since the Apollo moon program 60 years ago.

The high point, or apogee, of the orbit then was lowered to 458 miles for the spacewalk and the remainder of the five-day mission.

To prevent decompression sickness, also known as the bends, during the crew's transition from sea-level pressure to the reduced 5 psi pressure in their spacesuits and back, flight controllers began a 45-hour process shortly after launch to boost oxygen levels in the cabin while slowly decreasing air pressure to help remove nitrogen from the crew's bloodstreams.

"We don't anticipate experiencing (the bends), because a ton of robust preparation has gone into developing this pre-breathe protocol, significantly reducing that risk," said Menon, a former biomedical flight controller for NASA. "But we're prepared if we need it."

It didn't appear any such steps were needed.

The Crew Dragon does not have an airlock and its life support system was not designed to support spacewalks. Required modifications included "adding a lot more oxygen to the spacecraft so that we can feed oxygen to four suits through umbilicals for the full duration of the spacewalk," Gillis said.

"There have been upgrades and additions to the environmental sensing suite in the spacecraft to make sure we have really good insight, both before, during and after exposure to vacuum. And ... an entirely new system, a nitrogen repress system" to boost the cabin back up to normal pressure after the spacewalk.

Along with the Skywalker scaffold, which extends just beyond the forward hatch, a motor drive system was added to assist with hatch opening and closing and upgraded seals were put in place to ensure an airtight fit.

NASA astronaut Ed White carried out the first U.S. spacewalk on June 3, 1965, floating free of his Gemini 4 capsule at the end of a long tether. Since then, NASA astronauts, Russian cosmonauts, Chinese taikonauts and astronauts from space station partner nations have carried out more than 470 government-sponsored spacewalks.

Isaacman said iconic photos of White floating outside his Gemini capsule against the backdrop of Earth and space were inspirational, but he and Gillis ruled out floating free of the Crew Dragon. And that's by design.

"We're not going to be doing the Ed White float," Isaacman told CBS News before launch. "That might look cool, but it doesn't really help SpaceX learn a lot about the performance (of the spacesuit). It's not very useful or helpful for figuring out how to be able to to work in a suit."

To that end, he and Gillis will work through a "matrix" of planned motions to get a feel for how the suit's multiple joints move while pressurized, to test the performance of an innovative heads-up display in the helmet, better understand how the air-cooled suits deal with the extreme temperatures of space and a variety of other factors.

The suit "includes all sorts of technology, including a heads-up display, a helmet camera, an entirely new architecture for joint mobility," Gillis said. "There's thermal insulation throughout the suit, including a copper and indium tin oxide visor that both provides thermal protection and solar protection."

In addition, she said, "there's all sorts of redundancy, both in the oxygen supply feed to the suit, as well as all of the valves, all of the seals across the suit. It's an incredible suit."

The heads-up display, which will project critical data on the lower left side of the helmet visor, is a feature NASA's decades old space station suits do not have.

"During the EVA, we'll have insight into our suit, pressure, temperature, relative humidity and then also an understanding of how much oxygen we've used throughout the EVA. So some key pieces of telemetry right there. And it's it's really cool (that) with any lighting you can still see it."

The Polaris Dawn mission is the first of three planned by Isaacman in cooperation with Musk. The second flight will be another Crew Dragon mission while the third will be the first piloted flight of SpaceX's huge Super Heavy-Starship rocket, now under development in Texas.

It's not known how much Isaacman is paying for the flights or how much SpaceX funded on its own. Asked if he could share any details, the entrepreneur, jet pilot and adventurer said "not a chance."

The mission, SpaceX's fifth commercial Crew Dragon flight to orbit and its 14th including NASA flights, is expected to last five days, ending with splashdown off the coast of Florida.